References Proximal Tubule-Specific Deletion of the NHE3 (Na+/H+ Exchanger 3) in the Kidney Attenuates Ang II (Angiotensin II)-Induced Hypertension in Mice Melanie is in love with this paper that shows that sodium retention Bumetanide and furosemide in heart failure everyone agreed that we love this classic paper from Craig Brater on diuretics (and…

Outline Chapter 15 — Clinical Use of Diuretics - Among most commonly used drugs - Block NaCl reabsorption at different sites along the nephron - The ability to induce negative balance has made them useful in multiple diseases - Edematous states - Hypertension - Mechanism of action - Three major classes - Loop - NaK2Cl - Up to 25% of filtered sodium…

Outline Chapter 14 — Treatment - Treatment - Both oral and IV treatment can be used for volume replacement - The goal of therapy are to restore normovolemia - And to correct associated acid-base and electrolyte disorders - Oral Therapy - Usually can be accomplished with increased water and dietary sodium - May use salt tablets - Glucose often added…

Outline Chapter 14 - Hypovolemic States - Etiology - True volume depletion occurs when fluid is lost from from the extracellular fluid at a rate exceeding intake - Can come the GI tract - Lungs - Urine - Sequestration in the body in a “third space” that is not in equilibrium with the extracellular fluid. - When losses occur two responses ameliorate…

References JC mentioned that the diagnostic accuracy of 24 hour urine collection increases with more collections! Metabolic evaluation of patients with recurrent idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis We didn't refer to a particular study on sodium intake and the 24 hour urine but this meta-analysis Comparison of 24‐hour urine and 24‐hour diet recall f…

References We considered the complexity of the machinery to excrete ammonium in the context of research on dietary protein and how high protein intake may increase glomerular pressure and contribute to progressive renal disease (many refer to this as the “Brenner hypothesis”). Dietary protein intake and the progressive nature of kidney disease: the…

The Channelers went where no nephrology podcasters have gone before, recording in front of a live audience at the National Kidney Foundation Clinical Meeting in Austin. We had all eight Channelers doing a live podcast. We did a Freely Filtered-inspired draft of the best diuretics. The draft order: Leticia Rolon Anna Gaddy Joel Topf Roger Rodby Josh…

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References We considered the effect of a high protein diet and potential metabolic acidosis on kidney function. This review is of interest by Donald Wesson, a champion for addressing this issue and limiting animal protein: Mechanisms of Metabolic Acidosis-Induced Kidney Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease Hostetter explored the effect of a high protei…

References for Chapter 10 We did not mention many references in our discussion today but our listeners may enjoy some of the references below. Effects of pH on Potassium: New Explanations for Old Observations - PMC although the focus of this article is on potassium, this elegant review by Aronson and Giebisch reviews intracellular shifts as it rela…

References for Chapter 9 One of the few papers that Rose wrote as a single author explores electrolyte free water clearance. This seminal paper explores the issue in greater detail than the book. A New approach to disturbances in the plasma sodium concentration Wondering about the volume of sweat? Josh taught us that the volume of “transepidermal v…

References for chapter 8 Robert Schrier proposed a unifying hypothesis to explain the sodium retention seen in edematous states like cirrhosis and heart failure, coining the term effective arterial blood volume (EABV). An open access review in JASN 2007 can be found here: https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/18/7/2028#ref-3 John P Peters ASN Annual…

Chapter 7 References Sands JM, Blount MA and Klein JD. Regulation of Renal Urea Transport by Vasopressin. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116377/ In this invited piece, Sands and colleagues explain that although urea is permeable across membranes, this is slow, thus urea transporters in the kidney, under control of vasopressin, are ne…

Chapter 6 part 2. References Josh touts the PARADIGM-HF Trial Angiotensin–Neprilysin Inhibition versus Enalapril in Heart Failure | NEJM which found this combination was superior to an ARB alone Joel mentions an early atrial natriuretic peptide trial by Julie Lewis et al. Atrial natriuretic factor in oliguric acute renal failure - American Journal …

Chapter 6 part 1 In this review of vasopressin, you can find an excellent discussion of basic stimuli and vasopressin receptors: Vasopressin V1a and V1b Receptors: From Molecules to Physiological Systems | Physiological Reviews X-Linked Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is very rare and there was theory that all patients originated from the same famil…

References for Chapter 5--the Distal Nephron Roger pointed out the fact that the distal nephron can achieve very low urinary sodium as evidenced by observations in people from the Yanomamo tribe Blood pressure and electrolyte excretion in the Yanomamo Indians, an isolated population in this report, 84% of the participants had urinary sodium < 1mmol…

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Chapter Three: How the proximal tubule is like Elizabeth Warren and other truths my friends from Boston taught me References for Chapter 3: Faisy C, Meziani F, PLanquette B et al. Effect of Acetazolamide vs. Placebo on Duration of Invasive Mechanical Ventilation among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized clinical trial.…

The exciting conclusion to Chapter Two: Renal Circulation and Glomerular Filtration Rate - Determinants of GFR - First step in making urine is separation of an ultrafiltrate - Governed by starling forces - Balance of hydraulic and osmotic forces - GFR = LpS (P gc – P us - Osmotic Pressure Cap p) - Normal GFR 95 in women, 120 in men - Cap Hydrolic p…

Back by popular demand…all two of you…the second chapter of The Clinical Physiology of Acid Base and Electrolyte Disorders. Chapter Outline - Renal Circulation and GFR - RBF is 20% of cardiac output - In terms of mL per 100 g organ weight it is 4x the liver and exercising muscle and 8x coronary blood flow! - After the glomeruli the efferent arterio…

Please enjoy the first episode of our book club. Join us as we start our journey through The Clinical Physiology of Acid Base and Electrolyte Disorders. Chapter outline: Hello and welcome to chapter one: Introduction to Renal Function Summary of kidney functions Maintenance of extracellular environment Hormone secretion Renin Ang2 PGE NO Endothelin…